Lunch Speaker Series
Spring 2008 Lunch Speaker Series Schedule
Helen Nissenbaum
Professor, Media, Culture and Communication
Senior Fellow, Information Law Institute
New York University
"Contextual Integrity as a Normative Guide for Privacy"
Tuesday, February 5, 2008
12:10p - 1:30p
Room 120
Background Materials:
* Nissenbaum, H. (2004). Privacy as contextual integrity. Washington Law Review, 79(1), 119-157.
* Barth, A., Datta, A., Mitchell, J. C., & Nissenbaum, H. (2006). Privacy and contextual integrity: Framework and applications. Paper presented at the IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy.
Biography:
Helen Nissenbaum is a professor of Media, Culture and Communication at New York University and a faculty fellow, of the Information Law Institute. She studies ethical and political issues relating to information technology and new media, particularly, privacy, politics of search engines, and values embodied in the design of information technologies and systems. Research grants from the U.S National Science Foundation, the Ford Foundation, and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security have supported her research. Books include Emotion and Focus, Computers, Ethics and Social Values (co-edited with D.J. Johnson), and Academy and the Internet (co-edited with Monroe Prince). She is a co-founding editor of the journal, Ethics and Information Technology. Before NYU, Nissenbaum served as Associate Director at Princeton's University Center for Human Values and held a postdoctoral fellowship at the Center for the Study of Language and Information at Stanford. She earned a B.A. with honors from the University of Witwatersand, Johannesburg, and an M.A. in Education and Ph.D. in philosophy from Stanford University.
Julia Sonnevend
ISP Resident Fellow, Yale Law School
Assistant Professor, Department of Communications, Eötvös Loránd University Budapest.
"The Pictorial Revolution: Towards an Iconology for Digital Photos"
Tuesday, February 12, 2008
12:10p - 1:30p
Room 120
Abstract:
Iconology is the interdisciplinary, general study of images across the media. I would like to consider the kinds of differences I recognized between the basic assumptions of the iconology related concepts of art history, visual culture and cultural sociology. These disciplines all examine the cultural relevance of visual representations and try to construct adequate theoretical frameworks for them. They all struggle with understanding and experiencing the mythical and mysterious lives of images, and aim to provide concepts about the meaning, appearance, vitality, silence, power, powerlessness and social impact of visual representations. Nevertheless, all these disciplines have their limitations that come from their methodological and conceptual traditions. I would like to shed light on the limitations in their approaches with the aim to take steps towards a new iconology that is also well-suited for the interpretation of digital photos.
W. J. T. Mitchell used the term “the pictorial turn” in the 90-ies for describing and analyzing the replacement of words by visual images as the dominant form of expression in our society. As I write this sentence, millions of digital photographs are being taken and many posted to Flickr, YouTube, personal websites and social networking sites all around the world. People capture family events, moments of political relevance, landscapes, architectural wonders, paintings and whatever seems as interesting at that second. Moments of everyday life are preserved in digital format and these digital files create archives of the collective visual memory of the globe. We could describe the present experience rather as a pictorial revolution, than a pictorial turn. I mean this in two main senses: one, the increasing level of participation of the general public in image production and, two, the changing culture and notion of image editing related to a restructuring process of editorial elites.
An iconology for digital photos has to face most of the challenges of all previous iconologies: digital photographs are part of the larger family of visual representations. Nevertheless, digital photos also create new roadblocks for the theories of the enthusiastic researcher and have a tendency to resist hermeneutical and structuralist interpretational efforts. I will consider these new challenges along with the traditional ones.
Biography:
Julia Sonnevend is a resident fellow with The Information Society Project at Yale Law School and an assistant professor in the Department of Communications, Institute for Art Theory and Media Research, Eötvös Loránd University Budapest. She received her Master of Laws degree from Yale Law School, her Juris Doctorate and her Master of Arts degrees in Aesthetics and German Literature from Eötvös Loránd University. Sonnevend is interested in the intersections between communications, art history, cultural sociology and legal theory, her research areas include: visual culture, democratization of visual media, iconology, representation of justice in art and media, access to knowledge, democratic culture, law and performance, art and activism, media criticism, post-socialist identities, Eastern-European media, cultural memory, cultural trauma, feminist theories, contemporary Hungarian and German literature.
Dan Brenner
Senior Vice President for Law & Regulatory Policy
National Cable & Telecommunications Association
"Who'd You Say Killed the Internet? Networks and Transparency"
Tuesday, February 19, 2008
12:30p - 2:00p
Room 127
Abstract:
"Network neutrality" has gone through many iterations in public policy debates, with many critics pointing to network architecture or feared
network practices as being an impediment to the free-flow character of the Internet. What are the complaints, and what are the policy factors that ought to be considered in developing commercial and government policies toward ISP networks?
Biography:
Daniel Brenner is Senior Vice President for Law & Regulatory Policy at the National Cable & Telecommunications Association, Washington, D.C., where he has served since 1992. Previously, he served as Director of the Communications Law Program and a member of the faculty at UCLA Law School. He also served as Counsel to LeBoeuf, Lamb, Greene & MacRae (now Dewey & LeBoeuf). Brenner was Senior Legal Advisor to Chairman Mark Fowler of the Federal Communications Commission. He was also Vice-Chairman of the U.S. Delegation to the ITU World Radio Conference in Geneva, Switzerland in 1984. He has served as a consultant on telecommunications issues for the RAND Corporation and the International Media Fund, and as a Senior Fellow at The Annenberg Washington Program and serves on the adjunct faculty of Georgetown School of Law.
Brenner has served on the Board of Directors of Tekelec (Nasdaq: TKLC), an international telecommunications equipment manufacturer based in North Carolina, since 1990. He is on the Board of Cable Positive, the cable industry’s AIDS awareness organization and served as a Trustee of Stanford University from 1982 to 1987. Brenner was appointed by the President of the United States and served as a member and Vice-Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Corporation for Public Broadcasting from 1986 to 1991. He is a graduate of Stanford University, Stanford Law School, and the senior executive program of Stanford School of Business.
Susan Crawford
Visiting Professor of Law, Yale Law School
Assistant Professor of Law, Cardozo Law School
"The Radio and the Internet"
Tuesday, February 26, 2008
12:10p - 1:30p
Room 120
Abstract:
In this article, I evaluate the multi-billion-dollar 700 MHz auction regime established by the FCC in 2007-08 as a case study in the institutional role of the Commission. The Commission's solicitude for the interests of large traditional communications players is still as firmly in place as it was in the 1920s. Congressional pressures and the sense that the Internet ethos has contributed to the economy did lead the Commission in 2007-08 to take a moderately less-protective approach to the wireless incumbents' business plans. Yet the Commission's vision of the "public interest" remains incoherent. The FCC still appears to believe that it is best for dominant private wireless carriers (the high-power broadcasters of our day) to be able to dictate in detail how the airwaves are used.
I suggest that the public interest would best be served by nudging this country towards the Internet "no permission required," "common carriage" ethos. No auction is truly neutral, and the background assumptions of the 700 MHz auction are likely to lead to stalled innovation for US wireless communications and continued inadequate Internet access.
Biography:
Susan Crawford is currently a Visiting Professor of Law at Yale Law School, teaching internet law and communications law. Last term (fall 2007), she was a visiting professor at the University of Michigan Law School. She is a member of the board of directors of ICANN and is the founder of OneWebDay, a global Earth Day for the internet that takes place each Sept. 22. Ms. Crawford received her B.A. (summa *** laude, Phi Beta Kappa) and J.D. from Yale University. She served as a clerk for Judge Raymond J. Dearie of the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of New York, and was a partner at Wilmer, Cutler & Pickering (Washington, D.C.) until the end of 2002, when she left that firm to enter the legal academy. Susan, a violist, usually lives in New York City and teaches at Cardozo Law School.
Richard Whitt
Washington Telecom and Media Counsel, Google
"The New Emergence Economics of Innovation and Growth, and What It Means for Public Policy"
Tuesday, March 4, 2008
12:10p - 1:30p
Room 120
Abstract:
I will discuss how the hoary "Old School Economics" still teaches us that the market is linear and always seeks equilibrium, that economic actors are perfectly rational, with perfect knowledge of themselves and the marketplace, that production is generated only by capital markets or government subsidy, that growth is exogenous, and the whole of the economic system is always equal to the sum of its parts. It turns out that every one of these key assumptions is plain wrong. While the ramifications for the study and practice of economics cannot be overstated, the implications for the public policy world that has rested for so long on those assumptions cannot be overlooked.
Today's discussions about national communications policy often seem to be rooted to the past, in the form of economic and technology assumptions that more or less ended in the 1960s. As it turns out, the rise of new economic thinking, along with new technology platforms culminating in the Internet, together directly challenge many of those chief assumptions. Now is an appropriate time to articulate the fundamental economic and technology tenets that should form the basis for our nation's communications and information policies, and to begin suggesting some ways those policies should be recast in their light.
I will introduce the "rough formula" for Emergence Economics – namely, that individual agents, acting through interconnected networks, engage in the evolutionary processes of differentiation, selection, and amplification, which in turn generate a host of positive emergent economic phenomena. The Internet then will be discussed as a notable and perhaps unique product of market and non-market forces, as a layered infrastructure, and as a platform for broad-based innovation and human communication. Next I will turn to some key emergent phenomena, including ideas, innovation, economic growth, and what we call "Net effects". Finally, these economic and technological elements will be brought to to bear in the world of public policy, where old concepts about communications law and regulation should be reexamined, and in some cases given new life.
I will end with a discussion of the proper role of the government policymaker — the legislator, the regulator, the reviewing judge – in the face of an innovation-fueled, network-connected, emergent economy. At bottom, the lessons here point to caution, and even outright skepticism about becoming a more active force in the market, but always tempered by optimism. The tools of government, when employed sparingly, carefully, and deliberately, and in the right context, can successfully facilitate a more optimum environment for new ideas, economic growth, and human freedom. However, this bottom-up regulatory approach requires an appreciation for, and understanding of, the component elements of Emergence Economics.
Biography:
Richard S. Whitt is the Washington Telecom and Media Counsel for Google Inc. In that capacity, Rick is responsible for Google’s strategy and advocacy on all wireline, wireless, and media matters before the Federal Communications Commission, other Federal agencies, and the U.S. Congress. Most recently he has represented the company’s interests on a variety of broadband policy issues (such as network neutrality), spectrum policy matter (such as the 700 MHz auction and TV white spaces), and “unregulation” of VoIP and other Web-based applications.
Prior to joining Google in January 2007, Rick founded and headed NetsEdge Consulting, a public policy consulting firm that provided legal analysis, regulatory strategy, and advocacy counsel to Google and other Web companies. From 1994 to 2006, Rick worked in the legal department at MCI Communications, where he most recently served as vice president for federal law and policy. Rick previously spent over five years as an associate attorney in the communications practices of two large D.C.-based law firms.
Rick is a 1988 *** laude graduate of the Georgetown University Law Center, and a 1984 magna *** laude graduate of James Madison University. He is a resident of Washington, D.C.
Laura Forlano
Visiting Fellow, Information Society Project
PhD Candidate, Communications, Columbia University
"Anytime? Anywhere?: Local Innovation, Use and Community-Building at WiFi Hotspots"
Tuesday, March 11, 2008
12:10p - 1:30p
Room 120
Abstract:
Mobile and wireless technologies – including mobile phones, wireless fidelity (WiFi), radio frequency identification tags (RFID) and wireless sensors – are rapidly being innovated, adopted and used. These technologies comprise an “invisible” information layer in physical spaces however, there has been little theoretical or applied research conducted to shape the ways in which they are designed and used. This project analyzes the socio-cultural, economic and political dimensions of mobile and wireless technologies, focusing on the ways in which they privilege local innovation, use and community-formation.
The current research has identified a number of important findings, which contradict much thinking about the socio-economic dimensions of the Internet. This is because much research focuses primarily on the virtual and networked aspects of the Internet rather than the local significance. WiFi provides an excellent opportunity to learn more about the Internet’s more local dimensions. The focus on localism emerged from an ongoing research project, which was organized into three parts: 1) a four-year ethnographic study of community wireless organizations and their role in building, using and innovating local infrastructures in the United States and abroad; 2) a 40-question online survey on the use of WiFi in public spaces that was conducted simultaneously in New York, Montreal and Budapest, and garnered over 1300 responses; and, 3) 29 in-depth interviews with mobile professionals who use WiFi in public spaces including parks, cafes and other public spaces.
First, community wireless organizations are significant in that they were early adopters of WiFi technology, having innovated open source software for managing wireless networks. These groups exemplify peer-to-peer production with one significant difference; rather than organizing their activities merely online, they must work face-to-face, climbing towers and rooftops, in order to build their networks. Second, community wireless networks were important forerunners to the municipal wireless networks that are currently being proposed and implemented. One challenge that municipal wireless networks face is that they know very little about the ways in which wireless networks are currently being used. The survey on the use of WiFi, conducted in three cities, aims to better understand the way WiFi use differs from Internet use. The wireless network at Bryant Park in New York, which was sponsored by Google for two years, emerged from the survey as one of the most frequently used wireless networks. Research findings illustrate that the availability of WiFi is a significant factor in determining where people go and that the majority of people surveyed use WiFi to search for information relevant to their geographic location. However, to date, few business models have capitalized on the possibility of using ‘splash pages’ on wireless networks for featuring content and advertising. Finally, the in-depth interviews with mobile professionals expand upon the survey findings by offering qualitative descriptions of the ways in which communities that form around WiFi hotspots in cafes, parks and other public spaces enable social support, knowledge-sharing and collaboration. In sum, this project argues that WiFi interacts with socio-economic factors to support local innovation, use and community-formation, an argument that could be adopted for the analysis of other mobile and wireless technologies.
This project has important business and public policy implications. From a business perspective, it helps to define the kinds of content, services and applications – including advertising and search -- that might be designed for mobile and wireless technologies. From a public policy perspective, it provides empirical evidence for specific policy recommendations with respect to municipal wireless networks, spectrum regulation, and network neutrality.
Biography:
Laura Forlano is a Visiting Fellow at the Information Society Project at Yale Law School and a Ph.D. Candidate in Communications at Columbia University. She is researching the intersection of the adoption and use of mobile and wireless technologies and organizational innovation. In particular, her dissertation focuses on the way that community wireless organizations, new proposals for regulating spectrum, and the use of wireless networks are examples of the re-emergence of a community form of organizing, collaboration and coordination. She received partial funding for her dissertation project from Microsoft Research and conducted comparative international research in Japan, Hungary and Germany. Forlano is an Adjunct Faculty member in the Design and Management department at Parsons The New School for Design where she teaches Design in Everyday Experience, Introduction to Design and Management, and Sustainable Design. She serves as a board member of NYCwireless, a non-profit organization that promotes the deployment of free, public WiFi networks and the New York City Computer Human Interaction Association.
Bernt Hugenholtz
Professor of Intellectual Property Law and Director of the Institute for Information Law
University of Amsterdam
"Towards an international instrument on limitations and exceptions"
Tuesday, March 25, 2008
12:10p - 1:30p
Room 120
Abstract:
This paper examines policy options and modalities for framing an international instrument on limitations and exceptions to copyright within the treaty obligations of the current international copyright system. We consider and evaluate options for the design of such an instrument, including questions of political sustainability and institutional home. Part I sketches the rationale for a multilateral approach to the question of L&E’s. Part II explores flexibilities inside the international copyright acquis. Part III evaluates the benefits and costs of alternative frameworks for a possible instrument. Finally, part IV sets out the basic contours of a multilateral instrument on L&E’s.
Supporting report is available at http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/hugenholtz/finalreport2008.pdf
Biography:
Bernt Hugenholtz is Professor of Intellectual Property Law and Director of the Institute for Information Law of the University of Amsterdam (IViR). In 1989 he received his doctor’s degree *** laude from the University of Amsterdam, where he defended his thesis on copyright protection of works of facts. He has written numerous books, studies and articles on a variety of topics involving copyright, information technology, new media and the Internet. At the University of Amsterdam he teaches courses in copyright law, international copyright law and industrial property law. He was a member of the Amsterdam Bar and partner of the law firm Stibbe between 1990 and 1998. Since 2003 he has been a deputy judge at the Court of Appeal in Arnhem.
Prof. Hugenholtz is a member of the Dutch Copyright Committee that advises the Minister of Justice of the Netherlands, and has acted as a consultant to the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO), the European Commission, and several national governments. He has been on international missions representing WIPO in China and Indonesia, and is a regular speaker at international conferences.
Prof. Hugenholtz is General Editor of the Information Law Series,which is published by Kluwer Law International. In 2001 he was elected a finalist in the Law category of the World Technology Awards http://www.nature.com/nature/wta/
Alan Davidson
Washington Policy Counsel, Google
"Being Google in Washington"
Tuesday, April 8, 2008
12:10p - 1:30p
Room 120
Biography:
Prior to joining Google, Alan Davidson was Associate Director of the Center for Democracy and Technology, a public interest group promoting civil liberties and human rights online. He has written and spoken widely on privacy, free speech, encryption, and copyright online. Davidson is also an Adjunct Professor at Georgetown University's program in Communications, Culture, and Technology, teaching a graduate seminar on Internet architecture and public policy. He holds an MA from MIT from the Technology and Policy Program, and a JD from Yale Law School.
Drew Endy
Assistant Professor, Biological Engineering Division, MIT
"Chromosome Cowboys and DNA Wizards: Ownership, Sharing, and Innovation Frameworks in Synthetic Biology"
Tuesday, April 15, 2008
12:10p - 1:30p
Room 120
Abstract:
Ongoing improvements in DNA sequencing and DNA synthesis technologies are making genetic material (physical DNA molecules) and genetic information (DNA sequence data) interconvertible. For example, researchers have demonstrated the construction of DNA molecules up to 7,700,000 base pairs, a length that is long enough to encode all known viruses, most important bacteria, and almost the entire genome of S. cerevisiae (baker's yeast). As a second example, a thousand high school and college students now meet annually via the International Genetically Engineered Machines Competition, typically presenting engineered biological systems comprised of dozens of unique genetically encoded functions; in support of their projects hundreds of thousands of standard biological parts (e.g., BioBrick parts) are freely shared across over 30 countries. How do the ongoing advances and emerging practices of synthetic biology impact or map into the existing ownership, sharing, and innovation framework supporting biotechnology? Will anything need to change?
Biography:
Drew Endy has been helping to start the Department of Biological Engineering at MIT. He is also a co-founder of Codon Devices, Inc. and president of the BioBricks Foundation, a not-for-profit organization promoting open access to biological technologies. He started and leads the organization of the International Meeting on Synthetic Biology conference series, and advises various government and private organizations on matters related to the ongoing development of biological technologies. At MIT, Dr. Endy´s lab research has resulted in (a) the first example of refactoring the genome of a natural biological system, (b) an abstraction hierarchy for engineering genetic devices, including a common signal carrier for transcription-based devices, and (c) experiments suggesting that the behavior of natural molecular biological systems is determinable, and perhaps not so stochastic. His future research interests are implementing reliable behavior in engineered biological devices, and developing a practical framework for designing reproducing machines whose designs are readily understandable by humans. More via http://mit.edu/endy/
Yvonne Cripps
Professor of Law, Indiana University School of Law
"Gene Patents: Where Property, Intellectual Property and Information Meet"
Tuesday, April 22, 2008
12:10p - 1:30p
Room 120
Abstract:
This talk will address questions concerning the effect of latest developments in genomics and gene patents, with particular reference to the meaning and scope of patents on human genes and what constitutes infringement. Public and private law will also meet here with some discussion of constitutional issues.
Biography:
Professor Cripps, an internationally acclaimed scholar and teacher, became the first holder of the Harry T. Ice Chair of Law at Indiana University in 2000. She specialises in intellectual property law and biotechnology. Her book Controlling Technology: Genetic Engineering and the Law, published in 1980, was the first comprehensive treatment of the legal implications of biotechnology. She is also the author of other books, including The Legal Implications of Disclosure in the Public Interest, now in its second edition, and more than 40 articles on intellectual property, privacy law, and biotechnology.
In addition to her years in the faculty of law at Cambridge University, she has regularly taught as a visiting professor at the Cornell Law School and also at the University of Texas at Austin as well as in Paris. Professor Cripps is a barrister in both England and New Zealand, and has served as an advisor on intellectual property law and biotechnology to the House of Lords, on biotechnology issues to the New Zealand Government, on constitutional matters to the Sri Lankan Ministry of Justice, and as a consultant on intellectual property to various law firms and corporations. Her research on bioethics and cloning was cited in the most recent issue of the Harvard Law Review and in "Why can't you buy a kidney to save your life?" Boston Globe, July 1, 2007
Her courses include: intellectual property (especially patents) and biotechnology, and comparative public law.
Gaia Bernstein
Associate Professor at Seton Hall University School of Law
"In the Shadow of Innovation"
Tuesday, April 29, 2008
12:10p - 1:30p
Room 120
Abstract:
The intellectual property wars are on. Scholars, judges, legislators, corporations, creators and inventors disagree about the role of intellectual property rights. Yet, surprisingly everyone agrees about innovation - everyone loves innovation. Innovation appears everywhere: in legal scholarship, case law, legislative hearings, newspapers and blogs. Innovation is uniformly admired and aspired to - it is not questioned, often assumed to have historically held this central role.
The Article presents a study of case law, which demonstrates that contrary to common belief, innovation has only recently attained its central role in our legal discourse. The celebration of innovation is, in fact, a relatively recent trend originating in the mid-1980s - at the advent of the intellectual property wars.
The Article critically examines the celebration of innovation, arguing that while innovation is promoted to advance progress and human welfare, its exclusive status frustrates the very same goal. While focusing on the beginning of the technological life cycle, the legal regime dedicates sparse attention and few resources to the cycle's subsequent stage: the diffusion process. The promotion of progress and human welfare is as dependent on the technology's diffusion - its social adoption process - as it is reliant on its innovation.
To support this argument, the Article discusses two recent diffusion failures, involving digital music and genetic testing. While legal discourse focuses on the effects of copyright enforcement on digital music innovation and the ramifications of gene patents for innovation in the field of genetics, it fails to invest its resources to resolve the social adoption problems of these very same technologies. The Article concludes by proposing ways toward resolving the diffusion failures of genetic testing and digital music technologies.
Biography:
Gaia Bernstein is an Associate Professor at Seton Hall University School of Law. Professor Bernstein’s scholarship focuses on the inter-relations between technology, law and society, examining the diffusion processes of new technologies, including both medical and communications technologies. Her teaching and research interests are in the areas of intellectual property, law and genetics, Internet law, information privacy law and reproductive technologies. Among her articles are: The Paradoxes of Technological Diffusion: Genetic Discrimination and Internet Privacy, 39 CONNECTICUT LAW REVIEW 241 (2006); Accommodating Technological Innovation: Identity, Genetic testing and the Internet, 57 VANDERBILT LAW REVIEW 963 (2004); and The Socio Legal Acceptance of New Technologies: A Close Look at Artificial Insemination, 77 WASHINGTON LAW REVIEW 1035 (2002).
Prior to joining the Seton Hall faculty in 2004, Professor Bernstein was a fellow at the Engelberg Center of Innovation Law & Policy and at the Information Law Institute at the New York University School of Law. Her degrees include: a J.S.D. from the New York University School of Law, an LL.M. from Harvard Law School, a J.D. (Intellectual Property concentration with Honors) from the Boston University School of Law, and a B.A. in Psychology and Political Science (magna *** laude) from Tel Aviv University. Professor Bernstein practiced law at Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP in New York and at S. Horowitz & Co. in Israel.
Lea Shaver
A2K Program Director, Information Society Project
Yale Law School
"Defining and Measuring A2K: A Blueprint for an Index of Access to Knowledge"
Tuesday, May 6, 2008
12:10p - 1:30p
Room 120
Download paper here.
Abstract:
Access to knowledge (A2K) is increasingly recognized as the central human development issue of our time. Yet to date there has been little literature defining precisely what is meant by this term, much less how to evaluate the progress toward achieving it. To help bridge this gap, this article offers a blueprint for an A2K index: a quantitative tool integrating a variety of data points to assess how well countries promote access to knowledge. The proposed index tracks five key dimensions of access to knowledge: education for informational literacy, access to the global knowledge commons, access to knowledge goods, an enabling legal framework, and effective innovation systems. The resulting conceptual map offers a concrete introduction to the A2K framework for information scholars and professionals.
Biography:
Lea Shaver is the Access to Knowledge (A2K) Program Director at the Information Society Project. Her current research interests include developing a cross-national A2K Index and advancing A2K within the international human rights framework. Prior to joining ISP, Lea interned at the United Nations Development Programme in Honduras, the Center for Reproductive Rights' International Program, and the chambers of U.S. District Judge David F. Hamilton. Most recently she conducted research on socio-economic rights in South Africa as a Fulbright Scholar. Lea holds bachelor's and master's degrees in the social sciences from the University of Chicago and a J.D. from Yale Law School.